1. Gabatarwa & Bayanan Baya
Tsaron gindin Bitcoin ya dogara ne akan yanayin rarraba mulkinta da kuma tsarin yarjejeniyar Tabbatar da Aiki (PoW). Duk da haka, takardar ta gano wata babbar aibi: ƙwararrun tattalin arziki na PoW suna haifar da tattara ƙarfin lissafi. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa idan ma'adinan sun yi aiki da hankali don haɓaka riba, ƙarfin ma'adinai ba makawa zai tattara a hannun ƴan mutane, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin "harin kashi 51%" mai ban tsoro inda wata ƙungiya za ta iya sarrafa shingen rubutun (blockchain).
2. Matsalar Tattarawa a cikin Ma'adinan Bitcoin
Takardar ta ba da hujja ta hankali da ke nuna cewa a ƙarƙashin ƙirar PoW na yanzu, wasan ma'adinai kasuwa ne mai yawan nasara. Tattalin arzikin sikelin kayan aikin (ASICs), samun wutar lantarki mai arha, da tsarin lada na shingen rubutun sun haifar da shinge marar ƙarewa ga ƙananan ma'adinai, suna tura ƙarfi zuwa manyan tafkunan ma'adinai.
2.1 Barazanar Harin Kashi 51%
Harin kashi 51% ba ka'ida ce kawai ba. Takardar ta yi nuni ga ainihin samfurin bincike na binomial na Satoshi Nakamoto don kafa bakin kofa na tsaro. Sarrafa mafi yawan ƙarfin hash yana ba mai kai hari damar kashe kuɗi sau biyu da hana tabbatar da ma'amala, wanda ke karya amincewa a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Salon tattarawa kai tsaye yana rage farashi da yuwuwar irin wannan hari.
2.2 Hankalin Tattalin Arziki da Tattara Ƙarfi
Marubucin ya ƙirƙira halayen ma'adinai ta amfani da zato na mai aiki na tattalin arziki mai hankali. Aikin riba na ma'adinai i ana iya sauƙaƙa shi kamar haka: $\Pi_i = \frac{h_i}{H} \cdot R - C(h_i)$, inda $h_i$ shine ƙimar hash na ma'adinai, $H$ shine jimlar ƙimar hash na hanyar sadarwa, $R$ shine ladan shingen rubutun, kuma $C$ shine aikin farashi. Wannan yana haifar da madauki na amsawa inda mafi girman $h_i$ ke haifar da mafi girman lada da ake tsammani, yana ba da damar sake saka hannun jari da ƙara ƙara $h_i$, wanda ke haifar da tattarawa.
Mahimmin Fahimta: Madauki na Amso na Tattarawa
Riba → Sake Saka Hannun Jari a cikin Kayan Aiki → Ƙara Rabon Hash → Mafi Girman Yuwuwar Lada → Ƙarin Riba. Wannan zagayowar yana tattara ƙarfi ta halitta.
3. Sabuwar Hanyar Tabbatar da Aiki da aka Tsara
Don magance wannan, takardar ta ba da shawarar sabuwar hanyar PoW da aka gina akan ka'idoji da aka yiwa lakabi da "Sana'a a buɗe ga duk masu basira," "Rarraba bisa ga aiki," da "Dukan mutane an halicce su daidai."
3.1 Ka'idoji na Asali
- Ƙananan Shinge na Shiga: Hanyar tana nufin zama mai ƙarfin juriya ga ASIC, yana ba da damar shiga daga saitin kayan aiki mai faɗi (misali, amfani mai inganci na GPU na mabukaci).
- Rage Dawowar Kan Babban Sikelin: Algorithm ɗin da aka tsara yana gyara aikin lada don gabatar da rashin layi, yana rage fa'idar gefe na ƙara ƙarfin hash cikin sauƙi.
- Juriya ga Harin Sybil: Ƙirar tana ci gaba da juriya ga masu kai hari waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar ƙirƙirar sunaye na ƙarya (harin Sybil) yayin da take hana rinjaye na ƙungiya ɗaya.
3.2 Ƙirar Fasaha & Tushen Lissafi
Duk da yake PDF ɗin ba shi da cikakken bayanin algorithm, hanyar da aka tsara tana nuna aikin lada da aka gyara. Wani tsari mai yuwuwa wanda aka yi wahayi daga ka'idoji zai iya zama: $R_i = R \cdot \frac{f(h_i)}{\sum_{j=1}^{N} f(h_j)}$, inda $f(h_i)$ aiki ne na ƙasa-layi (misali, $f(h_i) = \log(1 + h_i)$ ko $f(h_i) = \sqrt{h_i}$). Wannan ya bambanta da ladan layi na Bitcoin $\frac{h_i}{H}$. $f(h_i)$ na ƙasa-layi yana takaita fa'idar $h_i$ mai girma sosai.
Tsarin Misali (Ba Code ba): Yi la'akari da sauƙaƙa siminti tare da ma'adinai uku: Alice (ƙarfin hash 40%), Bob (35%), da Carol (25%). A ƙarƙashin PoW na yau da kullun, yuwuwar lada su ne 0.4, 0.35, 0.25. A ƙarƙashin PoW na tushen sqrt da aka tsara, ma'auni masu tasiri sun zama $\sqrt{0.4}\approx0.63$, $\sqrt{0.35}\approx0.59$, $\sqrt{0.25}=0.5$. An daidaita su, yuwuwarsu ta zama ~0.37, 0.34, 0.29, yana sake rarraba tasiri daga Alice zuwa Carol.
4. Bincike & Ƙima
4.1 Ƙarfafawa da Ingantattun Ka'idoji
- Haɓaka Rarraba Mulki: Ta hanyar daidaita lanƙwasa lada, hanyar na iya haɓaka yanayin ma'adinai mafi yawan yanki da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.
- Rage Fuskar Harin Kashi 51%: Yin hakan ba tare da hankalin tattalin arziki ba don tattara >51% na ƙarfin mai tasiri yana magance barazanar tsaro ta asali kai tsaye.
- Daidaituwar Falsafa: Yana ƙoƙarin sake saka Bitcoin tare da ka'idojin daidaito waɗanda suka yi daidai da asalin cypherpunk.
4.2 Matsaloli masu yuwuwa da Ƙalubalen Ai watarwa
- Ciniki Tsakanin Tsaro da Aiki: Duk wani canji ga PoW dole ne a bincika shi sosai. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin takardar CycleGAN (Zhu et al., 2017), sabbin gine-ginen suna buƙatar gwaji mai yawa don gano hanyoyin gazawa da ba a yi niyya ba. Sabon PoW na iya gabatar da raunin da ba a sani ba.
- Shinge na Karɓuwa: Ai watar da wannan yana buƙatar cokali mai yatsu mai wuya, yana fuskantar adawa mai ƙarfi daga ƙungiyoyin ma'adinai na yanzu waɗanda ke amfana da halin da ake ciki, matsala na haɗin kai na gargajiya.
- Yuwuwar Sabbin Hanyoyin Kai Hari: Ayyukan lada masu rikitarwa za a iya yin wasa daban. Ana buƙatar ci gaba da bincike, kamar yadda Federal Reserve ta yi akan kwanciyar hankali na tsarin kuɗi.
Hangen Nesa na Manazarcin: Mahimmin Fahimta, Kwararren Hankali, Ƙarfafawa & Aibobi, Fahimta masu Aiki
Mahimmin Fahimta: Takardar Shi ta gano daidai PoW na Bitcoin a matsayin ƙarfin tattarawa, ba mai daidaitawa ba. Ainihin ƙirƙira ba kawai sabon algorithm ba ne, amma fahimtar cewa dole ne injinan yarjejeniya su sami kaddarorin kiyaye rarraba mulki a cikin su, ba kawai a ɗauka ba.
Kwararren Hankali: Hujjar tana da inganci: 1) Haɓaka riba mai hankali + tattalin arzikin sikelin → tattarawa. 2) Tattarawa → rage farashin harin kashi 51%. 3) Don haka, dole ne a sake ƙirƙira PoW don karya alaƙar layi tsakanin ƙarfin hash ɗaya da tasiri. Yana da mahimmanci, zargi mai tushe na tattalin arziki.
Ƙarfafawa & Aibobi: Ƙarfinsa shine zarginsa na tattalin arziki na asali. Aibin shine rashin takamaiman bayanin algorithm da za a iya gwadawa. Ba da shawarar ka'idoji kamar "Dukan mutane an halicce su daidai" yana da ban sha'awa a falsafa amma a aiki ba a bayyana shi ba. Ta yaya hanyar sadarwa ke auna "aiki" daidai? Shaidan yana cikin cikakkun bayanai na tsarin rarraba, yanki inda yawancin shawarwari suka gaza, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin bayanan bayanai kamar ACM Digital Library.
Fahimta masu Aiki: Ga masu gine-ginen shingen rubutun, wannan takarda wajibi ce karantawa. Yana canza manufar ƙira daga "cimma yarjejeniya" zuwa "cimma yarjejeniyar rarraba mulki." Abin da za a iya aiwatarwa shine ƙirƙira tsarin ƙarfafawa na hanyar yarjejeniyarka tare da simintin tushen wakili da farko, kafin aiwatarwa, don gwada matsananciyar hali don halayen tattarawa. Ga Bitcoin, hanyar gaba mai yiwuwa ba canjin PoW mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne amma watakila samfurin gauraye ko matakan haɗin gwiwa (kamar Lightning Network) waɗanda ke rage mahimmancin tsarin ƙarfin ma'adinai na tushe.
5. Aiwatarwa na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike
Ka'idojin da aka zayyana suna da tasiri fiye da Bitcoin:
- Cryptocurrencies na Zamani na Gaba: Sabbin ayyuka (misali, waɗanda ke amfani da bambance-bambancen Tabbatar da Hannun Jari) za su iya haɗa "rage dawowar kan tasiri" a matsayin ma'auni na ƙira na asali.
- Ƙungiyoyin Mulkin Kai (DAOs): Hanyoyin gudanarwa a cikin DAOs suna fuskantar irin wannan haɗarin mulkin mallaka. Ma'anar ƙarfin zaɓe na ƙasa-layi bisa ga riƙon alama za a iya amfani da shi don hana rinjaye na kifi.
- Samfuran Yarjejeniya na Gauraye: Bincike na gaba zai iya bincika haɗa manufar daidaito na hanyar da aka tsara tare da wasu fasalulluka na tsaro, kamar ayyukan jinkiri da za a iya tantancewa (VDFs), don ƙirƙirar ingantattun littattafai masu rarraba mulki don aikace-aikace masu daraja a cikin kuɗi da sarkar wadata.
- La'akari da Ka'idoji: Yayin da bankunan tsakiya ke bincika CBDCs, ƙira waɗanda ke hana tattarawa ta asali na iya sa matakan sasantawa masu rarraba mulki su zama masu dacewa ga masu tsara dokoki waɗanda ke damuwa game da haɗarin tsarin daga sarrafa masu zaman kansu.
6. Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2009). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer.
- Bonneau, J., Miller, A., Clark, J., Narayanan, A., Kroll, J. A., & Felten, E. W. (2015). SoK: Hangen Nesa na Bincike da Ƙalubale ga Bitcoin da Cryptocurrencies. IEEE Symposium on Tsaro da Sirri.
- Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). Bitcoin da Fasahohin Cryptocurrency. Princeton University Press.
- Gervais, A., Karame, G. O., Wüst, K., Glykantzis, V., Ritzdorf, H., & Capkun, S. (2014). Akan Tsaro da Aiki na Shingen Rubutun Tabbatar da Aiki. ACM SIGSAC Conference on Tsaron Kwamfuta da Sadarwa.
- Zhu, J. Y., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Zagayowar-Daidaitacce. IEEE International Conference on Kwamfutar Gani (ICCV).
- Beikverdi, A., & Song, J. (2015). Salon Tattarawa a cikin Hanyar Sadarwa ta Rarraba ta Bitcoin. IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Injiniyan Software, Hankalin Wucin Gadi, Sadarwar Cibiyoyin Sadarwa da Lissafi/Lissafi (SNPD).