Table of Contents
1. Gabatarwa
Wannan takarda tana gabatar da ingantaccen tsari ga tsarin aikin shaida (PoW) na al'ada, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi nemo nonce wanda ke haifar da fitarwar hash na sirri tare da adadin sifili na gaba da ake buƙata. Babban ƙirƙira shine tsarin aikin shaida na haɗin kai wanda aka ƙera don ba da damar masu amfani masu cin gashin kansu da yawa su haɗa kai wajen samar da hujja don nasu ma'amaloli. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana nufin kafa yarjejeniya kan tsarin ma'amaloli a cikin littafin rarraba ba tare da dogaro da taron ma'adinai na tsakiya ba.
Tsarin da aka gabatar yana neman magance matsalolin da ke tattare da PoW na al'ada, kamar rashin daidaiton ƙarfafawa a cikin taron ma'adinai da gasa mai ƙarfi da amfani da makamashi tsakanin ma'adinai. Ta hanyar ba da damar haɗin kai kai tsaye, yana hasashen maye gurbin kuɗaɗen ma'amala (da ake biya ga ma'adinai) da harajin ma'amala (da masu yin ma'amala kansu suke biya). Wannan canji yana da yuwuwar rage "tasirin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki akan amfani da wutar lantarki" da ke da alaƙa da ma'adinan gasa da kuma haɓaka dabarun haɗin kai masu tattalin arziki.
Fa'idodin da za a iya samu sun haɗa da:
- Ƙarfafa kariya daga nuna bambanci ga masu amfani ta hanyar ma'adinan ma'amala.
- Ƙara yawan aikin tsarin saboda rage gasa tsakanin ma'adinai.
- Ƙara hana hare-haren Hana Sabis (DoS), saboda hare-haren za su haifar da farashin harajin ma'amala.
2. Yarjejeniya
Takardar ta tsara matsalar a cikin mahallin hanyoyin sadarwa na tsakanin takwarorinsu (P2P) waɗanda ke buƙatar littafin rarraba. Duk takwarorinsu dole ne su yarda da yanayin littafin ba tare da wata hukuma ta tsakiya ko zaɓen shugaba na farko ba.
Babban ƙalubale shine jinkirin yaduwar saƙo. A cikin ingantaccen yanayi na ma'amala mai ƙarancin mita, ana iya cimma yarjejeniya ta hanyar lura da dakatarwar cikin zirga-zirgar hanyar sadarwa—wato "tsayawa gaba ɗaya"—wanda ke nuna cewa duk takwarorinsu sun ga saƙonni iri ɗaya. Ana iya tsara waɗannan saƙonnin bisa ƙa'ida (misali, ta hanyar hash) kuma a ƙara su zuwa littafin.
Duk da haka, mitocin ma'amala na ainihi sun yi yawa don wannan sauƙaƙan tsari. A nan ne aikin shaida ya zama mahimmanci. Ta hanyar buƙatar ƙoƙarin lissafi (warware wasan sirri na sirri), PoW yana rage yawan adadin da kowane takwarorinsu zai iya gabatar da sabbin shigarwar littafin. Ana iya daidaita wahalar wasan don saita iyaka sama ga mitocin ma'amala, ƙirƙirar "lokutan shiru" da ake buƙata don samun yarjejeniya ta zahiri.
3. Aikin Shaida na Haɗin Kai
Takardar ta tsara tsarin haɗin kai amma abin da aka cire ya yanke. Dangane da gabatarwar, tsarin yana iya ƙunsar wata hanya inda:
- Masu amfani da ke ba da gudummawa ga ma'amala kuma za su iya ba da gudummawar ƙarfin lissafi don warware wasan PoW da ke da alaƙa.
- Ƙoƙarin gamayya ya maye gurbin aikin ma'adinai guda ɗaya.
- Yarjejeniya kan tsarin ma'amala ana samun ta daga wannan ƙoƙarin haɗin kai, mai yiwuwa an haɗa shi da saitin masu amfani masu haɗin kai.
- "Harajin" gudummawar tilas ce (a cikin ƙoƙarin lissafi ko farashi da aka samo) wanda ɓangarorin da ke yin ma'amala suke biya, suna shigar da farashin yarjejeniya cikin su.
Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin al'ada inda ma'adinai na waje ke gasa don warware PoW don kuɗaɗe, wanda ke haifar da taruka da yuwuwar tsakiya.
4. Fahimtar Tsaki & Ra'ayin Mai Bincike
Fahimtar Tsaki: Takardar Kuijper ba kawai gyara ga algorithms na hash ba ce; yana da muhimmin shiga tsakani na tattalin arziki da wasan wasa a cikin ƙirar blockchain. Ainihin ƙirƙira ita ce raba ƙoƙarin yarjejeniya daga neman riba na ma'adinai da haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa amfanin ma'amala. Canjin daga kuɗaɗe-zuwa-ma'adinai zuwa haraji-ta-mai-amfani yana jujjuya tsarin ƙarfafawa a kai, yana nufin daidaita lafiyar hanyar sadarwa tare da haɗin gwiwar mai amfani maimakon gasar ma'adinai. Wannan yana maimaita ƙa'idodin da aka gani a cikin binciken ƙirar hanya daga cibiyoyi kamar Dakin Gwaje-gwajen Tattalin Arzikin Sirri na Stanford, waɗanda ke bincika yadda ake tsara ƙarfafawa don cimma sakamakon tsarin da ake so.
Matsala ta Hankali: Hujjar tana da ma'ana ta hankali amma ta dogara ne akan wani muhimmin zato, wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba: cewa masu amfani za su yi haɗin gwiwar yadda ya kamata kuma da gaskiya ba tare da gabatar da sabon tsarin haɗin kai ko hanyoyin kai hari ba. Takardar ta gano daidai ɓarnar makamashi da matsin lamba na tsakiya (ta hanyar taruka) a cikin PoW na Bitcoin, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin bincike da yawa (misali, Fihirisar Amfani da Wutar Lantarki na Cambridge Bitcoin). Sa'an nan kuma ta sanya haɗin kai a matsayin magani. Duk da haka, tsalle-tsalle na hankali shine zaton cewa haɗin kai ya fi sauƙi don shirya shi a cikin yanayi marar amana fiye da gasa. Tarihin tsarin P2P ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar sau da yawa yana buƙatar ƙa'idodi masu rikitarwa (kamar tit-for-tat na BitTorrent) don hana cin gajiyar kyauta—wata matsala da wannan tsari dole ne ya warware.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfi: Hangen nesa yana da ban sha'awa. Rage hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na makamashi da nuna bambanci da ma'adinai ke haifarwa manufa ce mai daraja. Ra'ayin "harajin ma'amala" wanda ke shigar da abubuwan waje cikin tsari yana da kyau a fannin tattalin arziki, kama da ra'ayoyin harajin carbon da ake amfani da su ga ɓarnar lissafi. Kurakurai: Takardar tana da haske sosai akan "yadda". An yanke tsarin amma ko da farkon ba shi da ingantaccen tsari don hana hare-haren sybil inda mai amfani ya ƙirƙira fake fake da yawa don guje wa ba da gudummawar aikin su na gaskiya. Ta yaya ake tabbatar da "aikin haɗin kai" kuma a danganta shi? Idan ba tare da wannan ba, tsarin zai iya zama mafi rauni, ba ƙasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, maye gurbin sanannen ƙirar gasa da aka gwada da yaki da sabon ƙirar haɗin kai yana haifar da babban haɗari da cikas na amfani, ƙalubalen da sauran ƙirar yarjejeniya kamar Proof-of-Stake ke fuskanta a lokacin farkon lokutan suka.
Hanyoyin Hankali masu Aiki: Ga masu bincike, wannan takarda ma'adinai ne don aikin biyo baya. Mataki na gaba nan da nan shine ƙirƙira da kuma kwaikwayi takamaiman wasan PoW na haɗin kai, bincika ma'aunin Nash. Shin yakan haifar da haɗin kai ne, ko kuma ana iya yin wasa da shi? Ga masu aiki, abin da ya kamata a ɗauka shine ƙa'ida, ba aiwatarwa nan take ba. Yi la'akari da yadda za a yi amfani da "shigar da farashin haɗin kai" a cikin ƙirar tsarin ku. Shin za a iya yin amfani da ƙirar gauraye, inda harajin ma'amala na tushe ya ba da kuɗi ga saitin masu tabbatarwa masu rarrabawa, haɗa ra'ayoyin daga wannan takarda tare da wakilcin shaida? Babban ra'ayi—sanya mai bayar da ma'amala ya ɗauki alhakin farashin yarjejeniya—ya kamata a bincika shi a cikin mafita na Layer-2 ko sabbin ƙirar littafin inda ƙirar barazana ta bambanta da tsarin Bitcoin na cikakken izini.
5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Duk da cikakken tsarin an yanke shi, tsarin da aka gabatar ya ginu akan PoW na al'ada na tushen hash na sirri. PoW na al'ada yana buƙatar nemo nonce $n$ kamar haka don bayanan block $B$, aikin hash $H$, da maƙasudin wahala $T$:
$H(B, n) < T$
A cikin yanayin haɗin kai, wannan yana iya canzawa. A ce saitin ma'amala $\tau$ wanda ƙungiyar masu amfani $U = \{u_1, u_2, ..., u_k\}$ suka gabatar. Kowane mai amfani $u_i$ yana ba da gudummawar warware aikin ɗan lokaci $w_i$. PoW na haɗin kai na iya buƙatar:
$H(\tau, \text{Aggregate}(w_1, w_2, ..., w_k)) < T$
Inda $\text{Aggregate}$ aiki ne da ke haɗa gudummawar mutum ɗaya. Tsarin haraji yana nuna cewa kowane $u_i$ dole ne ya kashe albarkatu daidai da hannun jari ko rawar da yake takawa a cikin $\tau$, yana tabbatar da cewa aikin gamayya ya cika wahala $T$. Tabbatarwa zai buƙaci tabbatar da cewa kowane $w_i$ yana da inganci kuma an ba da gudummawar musamman, don hana sake kunnawa ko hare-haren jabu.
6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Ra'ayi
Yanayi: Alice, Bob, da Charlie suna son a shigar da ma'amalolinsu ($tx_a$, $tx_b$, $tx_c$) a cikin block na gaba.
PoW na Al'ada (Gasa): Ma'adinai M1, M2, M3 suna gasa don warware $H(block, n) < T$ don block ɗin da ke ɗauke da waɗannan ma'amaloli da kuɗaɗe. Wanda ya yi nasara (misali M2) yana samun kuɗaɗen. Alice, Bob, da Charlie ba su da aiki.
PoW na Haɗin Kai (An Gabatar):
- Alice, Bob, da Charlie sun kafa ƙungiya na ɗan lokaci don ma'amalolinsu.
- Ƙa'idar ta sanya musu wasa na haɗin gwiwa: Nemo shigarwa $(w_a, w_b, w_c)$ kamar haka $H(tx_a, tx_b, tx_c, w_a, w_b, w_c) < T$.
- Kowannensu ya warware ɓangarorin nasa a cikin gida. Alice ta sami $w_a$, Bob ya sami $w_b$, Charlie ya sami $w_c$.
- Sun haɗa sakamakonsu. Aikin da aka haɗa ya gamsar da wahala.
- Sun watsa ma'amalolin tare da hujjar haɗin gwiwa $(w_a, w_b, w_c)$.
- Hanyar sadarwa tana tabbatar da hash da cewa kowane $w_i$ yana da alaƙa da mai ma'amalarsa.
- Maimakon biyan kuɗaɗe, kowannensu ya "biya" haraji ta hanyar ƙoƙarinsu na lissafi $w_i$. An ƙara ma'amalolinsu.
Babban Ƙalubale a cikin Wannan Tsarin: Hana Charlie daga yin kasala da amfani da mafita daga zamanin da (harin sake kunnawa) ko kwafin aikin Bob. Ƙa'idar tana buƙatar hanyar haɗa $w_i$ zuwa ainihin $u_i$ da takamaiman rukunin ma'amala, mai yiyuwa ta amfani da sa hannun dijital: $w_i = \text{Sign}_{u_i}(H(tx_i) \, || \, \text{epoch})$. Wannan yana ƙara rikitarwa.
7. Hasashen Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba
Aikace-aikace Nan Take: Wannan tsari ya fi dacewa a cikin blockchains na ƙungiya ko takamaiman aikace-aikacen rarraba (dApps) inda mahalarta ke da alaƙar farko, rabin amana. Misali, ƙungiyar sarkar wadata inda duk membobin aka sani kuma sun yarda su raba nauyin kula da littafin don ma'amalolinsu na juna.
Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:
- Bincike na Hankali na Wasan Wasan: Yin ƙirar tsarin a matsayin wasa don gano ma'auni masu ƙarfi, na haɗin kai da dabarun ɓarna masu yuwuwa.
- Ƙirar Gauraye: Haɗa PoW na haɗin kai tare da wasu hanyoyin yarjejeniya (misali, Proof-of-Stake don ƙarshe, PoW na haɗin kai don tsari).
- Haɗin Layer-2: Aiwatar da ƙirar harajin haɗin kai akan na'urorin nadi na Layer-2, inda ake ƙaddamar da rukunin ma'amala akan babban sarkar. Masu amfani da nadi za su iya haɗin kai don tabbatar da ingancin rukunin su.
- Haɗin Aikin Jinkiri Mai Tabbatarwa (VDF): Maye gurbin ko ƙara wasan hash tare da aikin tushen VDF. Wannan zai iya tabbatar da cewa "aikin" ya dogara ne akan lokaci kuma ba za a iya kwatanta shi ba, mai yiwuwa yana sauƙaƙe ma'aunin gudummawar gaskiya.
- Daidaituwar Tabbacin Gudummawa: Haɓaka ƙa'idodin sirri masu sauƙi don tabbatar da gudummawar mutum ɗaya ga hujja ta haɗin gwiwa, matsala da ke kusa da binciken hujjar rashin sani.
Hangen nesa na dogon lokaci shine yanayin blockchain inda farashin muhalli da tattalin arziki na yarjejeniya ke ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta waɗanda ke amfana daga ma'amala, yana haɓaka dorewa da adalci—wani muhimmin mataki fiye da ƙirar ma'adinan "mai nasara ya ci duka" na ƙarni na farko.
8. Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Tsakanin Takwarorinsu.
- Demers, A., et al. (1987). Algorithms na Annoba don Kula da Bayanan da aka Kwafi. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing.
- Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2014). Rinjaye ba Isasshe ba ne: Ma'adinan Bitcoin yana da Rauni. International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.
- Back, A. (2002). Hashcash - Maganin Hana Sabis.
- Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. (2023). Fihirisar Amfani da Wutar Lantarki na Cambridge Bitcoin (CBECI). [https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index](https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index)
- Zhu, J., et al. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Biyu ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Madaidaiciyar Zagaye (CycleGAN). IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). [An ambata a matsayin misalin takarda da ke gabatar da sabuwar hanya, tsarin daban-daban (madaidaiciyar zagaye) ga sanannen matsala (fassarar hoto), kwatankwacin sabuwar hanyar wannan takarda ga PoW].
- Roughgarden, T. (2020). Ƙirar Tsarin Kuɗin Ma'amala don Blockchain na Ethereum: Binciken Tattalin Arziki na EIP-1559. Stanford University. [Ya nuna zurfin binciken tattalin arziki da ake buƙata don nasarar canje-canjen ƙarfafawa na blockchain].